Ethnopharmacology of Medicinal Plants

In 1860, Oliver Wendell Holmes pointedly expressed himself to the Massachusetts Medical Society: "I firmly believe that if the whole Material Medica, as now used, could be sunk to the bottom of the sea, it would be all the better for mankind, and all the worst for the fishes." Should one think the same about the current approach in drug discovery from plants? Probably yes. Despite the spending of billions of US dollars, and three decades of efforts, high-throughput screenings have only allowed the discovery of a couple of drugs. One could have reasonably expected the discovery of an arsenal of drugs from the millions of plant extracts randomly tested, but "hits" can be inactive in vitro or too toxic, some molecules need to be metabolized first to be active, and false-positive and false-negative results are common. The bitter truth is that the robotic approach in discovering drugs from plants has proven, to date, its inability to excavate the hundreds of molecules that will contribute to the health progress of Man. However, one can reasonably see that the last patches of primary rainforest on earth hold still hundreds of spectacularly active drugs that await discovery.

"1. Anti-Inflammatory Plants. 1.1. General Concept. 1.2. Inhibitors of Phospholipase A2. 1.3. Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase. 1.4. Inhibitors of Lipoxygenases. 1.5. Inhibitors of Elastase. 1.6. Inhibitors of Nitric Oxide Synthetase. 1.7. Conclusion and Future Prospects. 1.8. References. 2. Plant Affecting the Central Nervous System. 2.1. General Concept. 2.2. Plants Affecting the Serotoninergic Neurotransmission. 2.3. Plants Affecting the GABAergic Neurotransmission. 2.4. Plants Interfering with the Glycinergic System. 2.5. Plants Affecting the Dopaminergic Neurotransmission. 2.6. Conclusion and Future Prospect. 2.7. References. 3. Plants for Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases. 3.1. General Concept. 3.2. Topoisomerase Inhibitors. 3.3. Apoptosis. 3.4. Summary and Future Prospects. 3.5. References."

1. Anti-Inflammatory Plants. 1.1. General Concept. 1.2. Inhibitors of Phospholipase A2. 1.3. Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase. 1.4. Inhibitors of Lipoxygenases. 1.5. Inhibitors of Elastase. 1.6. Inhibitors of Nitric Oxide Synthetase. 1.7. Conclusion and Future Prospects. 1.8. References. 2. Plant Affecting the Central Nervous System. 2.1. General Concept. 2.2. Plants Affecting the Serotoninergic Neurotransmission. 2.3. Plants Affecting the GABAergic Neurotransmission. 2.4. Plants Interfering with the Glycinergic System. 2.5. Plants Affecting the Dopaminergic Neurotransmission. 2.6. Conclusion and Future Prospect. 2.7. References. 3. Plants for Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases. 3.1. General Concept. 3.2. Topoisomerase Inhibitors. 3.3. Apoptosis. 3.4. Summary and Future Prospects. 3.5. References.