Fundamentals of Tribology and Bridging the Gap Between the Macro- And

The word tribology was fIrst reported in a landmark report by P. Jost in 1966 (Lubrication (Tribology)--A Report on the Present Position and Industry's Needs, Department of Education and Science, HMSO, London). Tribology is the science and technology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion and of related subjects and practices. The popular equivalent is friction, wear and lubrication. The economic impact of the better understanding of tribology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion is known to be immense. Losses resulting from ignorance of tribology amount in the United States alone to about 6 percent of its GNP or about $200 billion dollars per year (1966), and approximately one-third of the world's energy resources in present' use, appear as friction in one form or another. A fundamental understanding of the tribology of the head-medium interface in magnetic recording is crucial to the future growth of the $100 billion per year information storage industry. In the emerging microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) industry, tribology is also recognized as a limiting technology. The advent of new scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques (starting with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981) to measure surface topography, adhesion, friction, wear, lubricant-fIlm thickness, mechanical properties all on a micro to nanometer scale, and to image lubricant molecules and the availability of supercomputers to conduct atomic-scale simulations has led to the development of a new fIeld referred to as Microtribology, Nanotribology, or Molecular Tribology (see B. Bhushan, J. N. Israelachvili and U.

Springer Book Archives

1. History.- History of Tribology and Its Industrial Significance.- 2. Adhesion and Friction.- Friction, Wear, Lubrication, and Materials Characterization Using Scanning Probe Microscopy.- Atomic Scale Origin of Adhesion and Friction Viscoelastic Effects in Model Lubricant Monolayers.- Atomic-Scale Stick Slip.- Dissipation Mechanisms Studied by Dynamic Force Microscopies.- Frictional-Force Imaging and Friction Mechanisms with a Lattice Periodicity.- Atomic Scale Origins of Force Interaction.- Dynamic Friction Measurement with the Scanning Force Microscope.- Towards the Ideal Nano-Friction Experiment.- Investigation of the Mechanics of Nanocontacts Using a Vibrating Cantilever Technique.- A Scanning Probe and Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study of C60 on Mica and Silver(111) Surfaces.- Interactions, Friction and Lubrication Between Polymer-Bearing Surfaces.- Effect of Electrostatic Interactions on Frictional Forces in Electrolytes.- Adsorption of Thin Liquid Films on Solid Surfaces and its Relevance for Tribology.- Theory and Simulations of Friction Between Flat Surfaces Lubricated by Submonolayers.- Friction Mechanisms and Modeling on the Macroscale.- Experimental Aspects of Friction Research on the Macroscale.- The Anisotropic Friction Characteristics of Crystalline Materials: A Review.- Relationship Between Structure and Internal Friction in CoPt and FePd Alloys.- Direct Measurement of Surface and Interfacial Energies of Glassy Polymers and PDMS.- A Model for Adhesive Forces in Miniature Systems.- Simple Model for Low Friction Systems.- Ultra-Low Friction Between Water Droplet and Hydrophobie Surface.- A FM as a New Tool in Characterisation of Mesoporous Ceramics as Materials to Tribological Applications.- Discussion Forum Report: Bridging the Gap Between Macro- and Micro/Nanoscale Adhesion and Friction.- 3. Wear.- Modeling (and) Wear Mechanisms.- Surface Damage Under Reciprocating Sliding.- Wear Particle Life in a Sliding Contact Under Dry Conditions: Third Body Approach.- Fretting Wear Behaviour of a Titanium Alloy.- Wear Measurements and Monitoring at Macro- and-Microlevel.- Slurry Erosion: Macro- and Micro- Aspects.- Macro-and Micro Kelvin Probe in Tribological Studies.- Thermomechanics of Sliding Contact: When Micro meets Macro.- Nanostructuring of Calcite Surfaces by Tribomcchanical Etching with the Tip of an Atomic Force Microscope.- Atomic-Scale Processes of Tribomechanical Etching Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy on the Layered Material NbSe2.- Determining the Nanoscale Friction and Wear Behavior of Si, SiC and Diamond by Microscale Environmental Tribology.- On Some Similarities of Structural Modification in Wear and Fatigue.- The Mesostructure of Surface Layers of Metal Under Friction with Relatively High Contact Stress.- The Effect of Impact Angle on the Erosion of Cermets.- Wear Mechanism of Carbon Material-Steel Slide Bearing in Polluted Atmosphere.- Nanomechanical Properties of Brittle Matter.- Testing Tribological Behaviour of loo-Beam Mixed Surface Layers.- Tribological Studies of DLC Films Containing Different Amount of Silicon Coated by Reactive Ion Plating.- Tribological Aspects of Wear of Laser-Sintered Rapid Prototype Tools.- Discussion Forum Report: Bridging the Gap Between Macro- and Micro/Nanoscale Wear.- 4. Lubrication.- On the Effects of Roughness on Structures, Solvation Forces and Shear of Molecular Films in Nano-Confinement.- Nanoscale Lubrication and Friction Control.- Tribology of Ideal and Non-Ideal Surfaces and Fluids.- Nanoscale Wetting and De-Wetting of Lubricants with Scanning Polarization Force Microscopy.- The Study of Very Thin Lubricant Films in High Pressure Contacts Using Spacer Layer Interferornetric Methods.- Scaling Issues in the Measurement of Monolayer Films.- Hew Electrolytes for Electrochemical Study in Hydrocarbon Solution.- Limiting Friction in a Slider-Disk Interface with Nanometer-Scale Lubricant Films.- Friction in Lubricated Contacts: From Macro- to Microscale Effects.-The Present State of the Art on Degradation Models of Perfluoropolyethers with DLC Coatings in Thin-Film Magnetic Rigid Disks.- fluid Film Lubrication with Applications to Machine Elements.- Flow Modeling of Thin Films from Macroscale to Nanoscale.- Discussion Forum Report: Bridging the Gap Between Macro- and Micro/Nanoscale Lubrication.- 5. Applications.- Micro-and Nanostructures: Preparation and Applications.- Micro/Nanoscale Tribology of MEMS Materials, Lubricants and Devices.- Macro- and Microtribology of Information Storage and Retrieval Devices.- High Spatial Resolution Chemical Imaging of Tribo-Surfaccs in Magnetic Recording.- Analysis and Testing of Miniature Motors for Precision Engineering.- Permanent Magnetic Levitation and Stability.- Load Carrying Capacity of Heavy-Duty Porous Journal Bearings.- Manufacturing Applications of Multi-Scale Tribology.- Condition Monitoring Tools for Tribologists.- Author Index.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, held in Keszthely, Hungary, August 13-25, 2000