Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals

Preface xiii

Contributors xv

1 Themes in Bacterial Pathogenic Mechanisms 3
C. L. Gyles and J. F. Prescott

Introduction 3

Basic Steps in Pathogenesis Continue to Provide a Sound Foundation 3

Concepts of Virulence are Being Refined 6

Host–Bacteria Communication is Critical 7

Pathogenesis in the Post-Genomic Era 10

Evolution of Pathogens—The Path Traveled May Provide Insights into the Road Ahead 11

2 Subversion of the Immune Response by Bacterial Pathogens 15
D. C. Hodgins and P. E. Shewen

Introduction 15

Subversion of Innate Immune Responses 16

Subversion of Adaptive Immunity 25

Conclusion 28

3 Evolution of Bacterial Virulence 33
P. Boerlin

What are Pathogens and How do They Emerge? 33

Bacterial Fitness and Virulence 35

Sources of Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Genome Plasticity 36

Pathogenicity Islands 37

Bacteriophages and Their Role in Pathogen Evolution and Virulence 38

Illustrations of Virulence Evolution 39

Conclusion 45

4 Streptococcus 51
J. F. Timoney

Introduction 51

Streptococcus agalactiae53

Streptococcus dysgalactiae55

Streptococcus uberis55

Streptococcus equi57

Streptococcus zooepidemicus62

Streptococcus canis63

Streptococcus porcinus64

Streptococcus suis65

Streptococcus pneumoniae67

Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 68

5 Staphylococcus 75
K. Hermans, L. A. Devriese, and F. Haesebrouck

Introduction 75

Characteristics of the Organism 75

PathogenicStaphylococcusSpecies 76

Sources of the Bacterium 77

Bacterial Virulence Factors 78

Pathogenesis 81

Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 82

Interactions between the Bacterium and Host Defenses 83

Immunity and Its Impact on Pathogenesis 84

Conclusions: New Developments 85

6 Bacillus anthracis91
J. Mogridge, S. Shadomy, and P. Turnbull

Introduction 91

Etiology, Ecology, and Epidemiology 91

Symptomatology and Diagnosis 94

Bacteriology 95

Pathogenesis 96

Immunology 102

Control 107

Future Directions 107

7 Mycobacterium 113
I. Olsen, R. G. Barletta, and C. O. Thoen

Introduction 113

Characteristics and Sources of the Organisms 113

Bacterial Virulence Factors 115

Pathogenesis 117

Immunity 119

Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 126

8 Corynebacterium and Arcanobacterium 133
R. Moore, A. Miyoshi, L. G. C. Pacheco, N. Seyffert, and V. Azevedo

Corynebacterium133

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis133

OtherCorynebacteria137

Arcanobacterium138

Arcanobacterium pyogenes138

Future Directions 141

9 Rhodococcus 149
J. F. Prescott, W. G. Meijer, and J. A. Vázquez-Boland

Introduction 149

Characteristics and Sources of the Organism 149

Bacterial Virulence Factors 150

Pathogenesis 154

Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 161

10 Listeria 167
C. J. Czuprynski, S. Kathariou, and K. Poulsen

Introduction 167

Characteristics 168

Sources of Infection 169

Virulence Factors 170

Pathogenesis 172

Host–Pathogen Interactions in Listeriosis 177

Prevention and Treatment 179

Conclusion 179

11 Neurotoxigenic Clostridia 189
H. Böhnel and F. Gessler

Introduction 189

Clostridium tetaniandClostridium botulinum189

Toxins 191

Tetanus 191

Botulism 193

Control and Prevention 197

BoNT as Therapeutics 197

Conclusions 197

12 Histotoxic Clostridia 203
J. Glenn Songer

Introduction 203

Virulence Factors and Pathogenesis 203

Clostridium perfringens203

Clostridium septicum204

Clostridium chauvoei205

Clostridium novyi205

Clostridium sordellii206

Conclusion 206

13 Enteric Clostridia 211
J. Glenn Songer

Introduction 211

Clostridium perfringens211

Clostridium difficile218

Clostridium septicum221

Clostridium spiroforme221

Clostridium piliforme222

Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 222

14 Salmonella 231
P. A. Barrow, M. A. Jones, and N. Thomson

Introduction 231

SalmonellaInfections of Cattle 232

SalmonellaInfections of Sheep 233

SalmonellaInfections of Pigs 234

Infections of Domestic Fowl and Other Avian Species 235

Colonization of the Intestine 237

SalmonellaInvasion and Enteropathogenesis 240

Systemic Disease 245

Genome Structure with Reference to Virulence 250

Immunity to Infection and Its Manipulation bySalmonella255

Conclusion—Problems and Opportunities 257

Color Plate Section

15 Escherichia coli 267
C. L. Gyles and J. M. Fairbrother

Introduction 267

Types ofEscherichia coliImplicated in Disease 268

ETEC 268

Pathogenesis of ETEC 276

STEC 279

EPEC 285

ExPEC 289

Immunity 297

Conclusions 298

16 Yersinia 309
M. A. Bergman, R. Chafel, and J. Mecsas

Introduction 309

Classification ofYersiniaSpecies 309

Sources ofYersiniaSpecies 311

Virulence Factors 312

Pathogenesis 316

Vaccines 320

Future Directions 320

17 Pasteurella 325
J. D. Boyce, M. Harper, I. W. Wilkie, and B. Adler

Introduction 325

Characteristics and Sources of the Organisms 325

Diseases Caused byPasteurella multocida327

Pasteurella multocida: Bacterial Virulence Factors 328

Pathogenesis 333

Immunity inPasteurella multocidaInfections 337

Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 340

Acknowledgment 340

18 Mannheimia 347
R. Y. C. Lo

Introduction 347

Characteristics and Sources ofMannheimia347

Bacterial Virulence Factors 348

Pathogenesis and Disease 354

Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 356

Acknowledgments 356

19 Actinobacillus 363
J. I. MacInnes

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae364

Actinobacillus lignieresii375

Actinobacillus equuli376

Actinobacillus suis377

Future Prospects 379

20 Haemophilus 387
I. Sandal, L. B. Corbeil, and T. J. Inzana

Introduction 387

Characteristics 387

Habitat and Transmission 388

Histophilus somni388

Haemophilus parasuis397

Avibacterium paragallinarum400

Conclusions 402

21 Bordetella 411
K. Register and E. Harvill

Introduction 411

Characteristics of the Genus 411

Sources of the Bacteria 412

Virulence Factors 412

Pathogenesis 419

Conclusion 423

22 Brucella 429
S. C. Olsen, B. H. Bellaire, R. M. Roop II, and C. O. Thoen

Introduction 429

Characteristics and Sources of the Organisms 429

Bacterial Virulence Factors 431

Pathogenesis 432

Disease Control and Epidemiology 437

Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 438

23 Pseudomonas 443
E. L. Westman, J. M. Matewish, and J. S. Lam

Introduction 443

Overview of Pathogenesis 446

Virulence Factors ofPseudomonas aeruginosa448

Antibiotic Resistance 456

Impact of Whole Genome Sequences 458

Vaccines 459

Conclusions and Future Prospects 460

24 Moraxella 469
J. A. Angelos

Introduction 469

Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis 469

Pathogenesis ofMoraxella bovis470

Conclusions 476

25 Campylobacter and Helicobacter483
L. A. Joens,F. Haesebrouck, andF. Pasmans

Campylobacter (by L. A. Joens)483

Helicobacter (by F. Haesebrouck and F. Pasmans)485

Gastric Helicobacters 486

Enterohepatic Helicobacters 488

Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors 489

Conclusions 493

26 Lawsonia intracellularis 503
C. J. Gebhart and R. M. C. Guedes

Characteristics ofLawsonia intracellularis504

Sources ofLawsonia intracellularis505

Virulence Factors 505

Pathogenesis 506

Conclusion 509

27 Gram-negative Anaerobes 513
D. J. Hampson, T. G. Nagaraja, R. M. Kennan, and J. I. Rood

Introduction 513

General Bacterial Virulence Factors 513

Fusobacterium514

Bacteroides517

PrevotellaandPorphyromonas517

Dichelobacter518

Treponema520

Brachyspira521

Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 523

28 Leptospira 527
B. Adler and A. de la Peña Moctezuma

Leptospira—The Basics 527

Leptospirosis—The Disease 528

Genomics, Proteomics, and Molecular Biology 531

Pathogenesis of Leptospirosis 534

Mechanisms of Immunity in Leptospirosis 536

Diagnosis of Leptospirosis and the Typing of Isolates 540

Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 541

Acknowledgments 541

29 Mycoplasma 549
G. F. Browning, M. S. Marenda, P. F. Markham, A. H. Noormohammadi, and K. G. Whithear

Introduction 549

Characteristics of the Organism 549

Sources of the Bacterium 550

Bacterial Virulence Factors 550

Pathogenesis 552

Interactions 558

Protective Immunity 563

Conclusions 565

30 Chlamydia 575
A. Pospischil, N. Borel, and A. A. Andersen

Introduction 575

Classification 575

Host–Parasite Relationship: Clinical Disease and Pathogenesis 576

Life Cycle 579

Aberrant Development Cycle 579

Host Response 580

Prevention and Control 581

Future Directions 582

31 Rickettsiales 589
T. Waner, S. Mahan, P. Kelly, and S. Harrus

Introduction 589

Family Anaplasmataceae 590

Family Rickettsiaceae 607

Index 623